Sulfide stress cracking ssc of high strength, low alloy steel is a phenomenon of particular concern to the oil and gas industry 3. Corrosion fatigue cf, hydrogen induced cracking hic and sulfide stress cracking ssc, or environ mentally. In recognition of the variation with temperature and with different materials this phenomenon is here called environmental cracking ec. As a form of hydrogen stress cracking, ssc is a cracking mechanism in pipelines, facilities piping and any equipment that comes in contact with sour wet h2s service conditions. Laboratory testing of metals for resistance to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking in h. Which alloy is best to resist sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking. Stress corrosion cracking scc is the cracking induced from the combined influence of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. This is the embrittlement caused by the absorption of hydrogen sulfide. Wet hydrogen sulfide h2s cracking inspectioneering. Hydrogen induced cracking hic is a form of tiny blistering damage caused by a high concentration of hydrogen in steel. Is sulfide stress cracking an anodic or a cathodic process. The most common forms of wet h 2 s cracking are hydrogen induced cracking hic, stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking sohic, and sulfide stress cracking ssc. Strain and sulfide stress cracking in pipeline girth welds.
H 2 s can cause sulfide stress cracking of stainless steels. Sulfide stress cracking is also called hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and sulfide stresscorrosion cracking. Recent experience has demonstrated the risk of sscc and hic, sometimes known as hydrogen embrittlement he, of low strength steels subject to high residual stress derived from fabrication techniques. This is an embrittlement that is caused by liquid metals. Pdf sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining low. Sulfide stress cracking, a form of hydrogen embrittlement, first became a serious problem in the oil industry in 1951. When sulfides are present in caustic solutions the scc has been reported to occur at lower temperatures. Some researchers consider sulfidestress cracking a type of stress corrosion. This phenomenon is generally termed sulfide stress cracking ssc 1 when operating at room temperature and stress corrosion cracking scc1 when operating at higher temperatures. Used sem observed the fracture, and then the steels corrosion rate and shortterm corrosion behavior were analyzed by electrochemical polarization. The generation of corrosion under insulation and stress corrosion cracking due to. Sulfide stress cracking of tubular product case histories. Pipeline steels for sour oil and gas containing hydrogen sulfide h 2 s generally suffer from either hydrogeninduced cracking hic or sulfide stress corrosion cracking ssc.
Ian sutton, in plant design and operations second edition, 2017. The critical operating conditions to be considered. Hic usually occurs due to the effects of aqueous hydrogen charging of steel in wet h2s refinery process. Hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking in materials for. This is a complex topic, other factors, such as ph, chloride concentration, and temperature also affect the potential for steel cracking. The general reasons for stress relief cracking are known, but the underlying mechanisms are still a source of debate. Specialized corrosion doehdbk1015193 corrosion ch02 rev. Stress corrosion cracks propagate over a range of velocities from about 103 to 10 mmh, depending upon the combination of alloy and environment involved. The required tensile stresses may be in the form of directly applied stresses or in the form of residual. Sep 29, 2014 link to corrigendum together with my colleagues and good friends dr.
Sulfide stress cracking of pipelinecase history onepetro. H2s partial pressure, 1 mpa and co2 partial pressure, 1 mpa. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking, also known as sulfide stress cracking ssc, is a stress corrosion cracking phenomena that occurs in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The experience gained suggests some general rules of thumb for avoidance of he cracking in vessels used for geothermal service. Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy. Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in hydrogen. Which alloy is for sulfide stress and stress corrosion cracking. Sscc is a specialized case of hydrogen cracking as it may be possible that sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen cracking proceed simultaneously. Hydrogen cracking its causes, costs and future occurrence. Ssc resistance in terms of rah2sraair and time to failure was found to decrease with increase of material strength. Sulfide stress cracking ssc also known as sour gas cracking sour gas. The role of hydrogen in the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking has been known since the 1970s so that preventative measures have since been introduced. Sulfide stress cracking is the cracking of a metal under the combined action.
Tib and mncrmo was evaluated using constant load tensile test and slow strain rate test in nacetm0177 environment. When selecting steel type for pipes and connections it is important to consider the corrosive environment that the steel will be subjected to. Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of the microstructure and. Standard test method laboratory testing of metals for.
Hydrogen embrittlement he also known as hydrogen assisted cracking hac and hydrogeninduced cracking hic, describes the embrittling of metal after being exposed to hydrogen. We propose a testing method for the evaluation of the threshold crack resistancek issc of pipe steels under the conditions of sulfide stress corrosion cracking. Sulfide stress cracking ssc vs hydrogen induced cracking. Evaluate the susceptibility to sulfide stress corrosion cracking of both high strength low alloy carbon steels in sour service conditions as well as low yield point high ductile steels. Although hydrogeninduced cracking and stress corrosion cracking are similar phenomena, both types of damage are usually described and treated separately. Investigation of stressoriented hydrogeninduced cracking. Other factors, such as ph, chloride concentration, and temperature also affect the potential for steel cracking. The mechanism of stressrelief cracking in a ferritic. This article describes current industry practices to catalog features observed after sulfide stress cracking testing.
Damage due to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion. The effects of sulfide stress cracking on the mechanical. A method for testing pipe steels under the conditions of. The article also introduces a quantitative criterion to determine the maximum allowable defect size based on fracture mechanics principles. For ssc to occur, a metal must be exposed to hydrogen sulfide and under operating conditions conducive to ssc. As we know that both form of cracking are due to the absorption of atomic hydrogen that is produced by. Variation and degradation of p110 casing steel mechanical properties, due to sulfide stress cracking ssc in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests. Hydrogen sulfide is known to cause or assist in the mechanism of cracking with many alloy types including low carbon steels, low. Their geometry is such that if they grow to appropriate lengths they may reach a critical size that results in a transition from the relatively slow crack growth rates associated with stress corrosion to. Iso 151563 will set new restrictions on uns s174000 174ph october 22, 2014 by mariano. This term should not be confused with stress corrosion cracking scs, since this is anodic in nature.
Hic and ssc behavior of highstrength pipeline steels. It should not be confused with the term stress corrosion cracking which is an anodic cracking mechanism. Oil and gas containing high h 2 s are noxious to pipeline steels because of the hydrogeninduced corrosion. The steels sscc susceptibility was determined by constant load tensile according to nace tm0177 standard. Hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking in materials. The number of weld passes must be as many as the wall thickness in millimeters ie for a 32 mm wall at least 32 passes should be applied. Stressoriented hydrogeninduced cracking sohic of an amine absorber column.
The values ofk issc are determined for various casing tubes made of different types of steel after heat treatment. Sulfide stress cracking resistant metallic materials for oilfield equipment contents 1. It addresses hydrogeninduced cracking of steel weldments, sensitization and subsequent intergranular corrosion of stainless steel weldments, sulfide stress cracking of pipeline steel weldments, microbiologically induced corrosion of weldments, and stress corrosion cracking of weldments. The cracking resistance begins to deteriorate when fresh martensite exceeds 5 vol%. Sulfide stress cracking nicontaining steels transformation start temperature, i. Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy steels.
Dunlop, thus, concluded that the eac mechanism was a form of scc, i. The variation of the name is due to the lack of agreement in the mechanism of failure. Sulfide stress cracking how is sulfide stress cracking. Strain and sulfide stress cracking in pipeline girth welds twi. Published by welding technology institute of australia wtia, silverwater, nsw, australia, 1999. Alloys which are commercially available and those which have modified metallurgical structures and. Dunlop named this type of eac sulfide corrosion stress cracking scsc, which is now an obsolete term. Atomic hydrogen diffuses into the steel and causes embrittlement of the very narrow hard zones in the heat. Dec 19, 2019 sulfide stress cracking ssc is a type of hydrogen cracking which presents a cathodic embrittlement mechanism. In recent years, driven by energy considerations, oil and gas reserves have been discovered.
The impact of scc on a material usually falls between dry cracking and the fatigue threshold of that material. Although the scc was initiated by an intergranular mechanism, the crack propagation was transgranular. The letter in conjunction with the number designates parameters such as the maximum yield strength and the minimum ultimate strength which for l80 pipe are 95,000 psi. Which alloy is for sulfide stress and stress corrosion. Their geometry is such that if they grow to appropriate lengths they may reach a critical size that results in a transition from the relatively slow crack. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a type of hydrogen cracking which presents a cathodic embrittlement mechanism. Sulfide stress cracking, ssc, brittle failure b cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and hydrogen sulfide. Sulfide stress cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Apart from sscc, h2s also cause other cracking, including stress corrosion cracking, hydrogeninduced cracking and stepwise cracking, stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking, soft zone cracking and galvanically induced hydrogen stress cracking. This paper analyzed the hsla pipeline steels stress corrosion behavior and mechanism which tested in the saturated solution of h2s. Provide a consistent and reliable method to predict the threshold stress which initiates cracking kisscc. Sulfide stress cracking ssc can occur when h2s is present in the reservoir and is in contact with highstrength steel commonly used in drilling, completing and production wells 1. Jun 14, 2008 apart from sscc, h2s also cause other cracking, including stress corrosion cracking, hydrogeninduced cracking and stepwise cracking, stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking, soft zone cracking and galvanically induced hydrogen stress cracking.
Impact of surface condition on sulphide stress corrosion cracking of. This article discusses catastrophic brittle fracture mechanisms due to eac of drill pipe. As described above, numerous theories exist on the causes of stress relief cracking and these theories may all be valid under certain circumstances. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking. Literature survey on the stress corrosion cracking of. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking resistant metallic materials for oilfield equipment contents 1. Low alloy steels, stress corrosion cracking, sulfide stress cracking tagged with. Weld metal hydrogen cracking in pipeline girth welds, proc. Environmentally assisted cracking of drill pipes in. They further suggested that the synergistic interaction between sulfide and stress enhanced the alloys susceptibility to. Sulfide stress cracking effects high strength effects high strength carbon steels above rockwell hardness 22 especially in petroleum production and petroleum refining. It is a complex process that is not completely understood because of the variety and complexity of mechanisms that can lead to embrittlement. Hic usually occurs due to the effects of aqueous hydrogen charging of steel in wet h2s refinery process environments.
The blistering damage tends to form parallel to the surface and to the direction of hoop stress. Hydrogen induced cracking of low strength steels in. The authors conducted extensive analyses to explore the effects of metallurgical factors on the resistance of line pipe steels to hydrogen induced cracking hic and sulfide stress cracking ssc. Subsequent improvements in the metallurgy of steels for highpressure gas and oil wells and improved selection methods for highstrength alloys have been based on laboratory test methods.
Aug 14, 20 variation and degradation of p110 casing steel mechanical properties, due to sulfide stress cracking ssc in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests. These tests were carried out on specimens, which were pretreated under the following conditions for 168 hours. The authors found that while cracking was exacerbated at anodic potentials, a cathodic polarization retarded or eliminated crack growth. Stress orientated hydrogen induced cracking sohic is a manifestation of sulfide stress cracking ssc in cmn steels by a mechanism involving. The environment causing stress corrosion cracking scc at the top of a distillation tower in a crude oil refinery was reproduced in the laboratory. Sulfide stress cracking of highstrength steels is a problem in handling sour hydrogen sulfide containing crude oil or natural gas. Notch tensile slow strain rate testing ntssrt method is used to evaluate the threshold stress intensity values kisscc. Ricker, national institute of standards and technology stress corrosion cracking scc is a term used to describe service failures in engineering materials that occur by slow, environmentally induced crack propagation. Osha of the department of labor issued in 1986 a memorandum 6 stating. Sulfide stress cracking ssc resistance of casing steels with different alloying chemistries i. The generation of corrosion under insulation and stress corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide, being very toxic to people and wild life and polluting to the environment, is also very.
A complex process of corrosion mechanisms was initially attributed to cui. Link to corrigendum together with my colleagues and good friends dr. Corrosionpedia what is sulfide stress cracking ssc. Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso 15156. H 2 s can cause corrosion of stainless steels such as 316 and 410 stainless in the form of sulfide stress cracking. The manuscript can be downloaded following this link or directly. Mild steels steels with low carbon and low alloy content and stainless steels will. Hydrogen induced cracking hic is a common form of wet h2s cracking caused by the blistering of a metal due to a high concentration of hydrogen. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. For this reason, along with toxicity risks of hydrogen sulfide gas, it is essential that water muds be kept entirely free of soluble sulfides and especially hydrogen sulfide at low ph. Sulfide stress cracking ssc vs hydrogen induced cracking hlc posted in refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and gas. An industry value that has been developed is nace mr01. We published this article under an openaccess license.
Dec 21, 2017 in other words, it can support a stress of 80,000 psi with an elongation of less than 0. There exist synergistic effects of high yield strength and high h 2 s concentration in the environment to cause ssc. Susceptibility to sohic for linepipepressure vessel steels twi. It was an acidified hydrogen sulfide solution with a. Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso 15156 651 te c h n i c a l new sulfide stress cracking standard for refineries don bush, principal engineer materials, at emerson process management fisher valves, is a member and former chair of a nace task group that has written a document for refinery applications, nace mr0103.
Sulfide stress cracking is also called hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking. Increasing the concentration of ammonia increased the scc susceptibility of the alloy. The effect of cold work and strain ageing on the sulfide stress cracking resistance and mechanical properties of expanded tubular steels a laboratory study. This is an embrittlement caused by diffusion of metal atoms, either liquid or solid, into the metal. Producing wet sour gas presents some of the toughest technical challenges in the oil and gas business. Stress corrosion crack initiation in machined type 316l austenitic stainless steel in. Many changes have been made with austenitic stainless steels. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide, forming metal sulfides and atomic hydrogen as corrosion byproducts. The susceptibility of a high strength low alloy nanostructured steel to sulfide stress corrosion cracking sscc resistance is assessed. H2s and hydrogen attackcorrosion refining, hydrocarbons. The paper looks at the problem of hydrogen cracking both in general fabrication and with particular reference to.
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